How is resistance created in a pneumatic circuit?

Resistance in a pneumatic circuit primarily occurs due to load and air friction. When air is pushed through a system, it encounters obstacles that impede its flow, and these obstacles include friction between the air and the surfaces of the pipes or components it passes through, as well as any loads that the air is acting upon.

When air moves through a circuit, it must do work against these resistive forces. The more friction and load present, the more energy is required to maintain the airflow. This increased resistance can affect the efficiency and performance of the entire system, leading to potential pressure drops and reduced flow rates.

While components like restrictors can also contribute to resistance by intentionally limiting airflow, the fundamental sources of resistance are often inherent to the loads present in the circuit and the friction occurring within the piping and components. Thus, the correct understanding revolves around the total resistance created by the combination of load and air friction in the circuit.